Indiana Power of Attorney Laws

If you want someone to be able to deposit your checks at your bank, file your taxes, or even sell or mortgage your home, you can create a handy document called a power of attorney (POA). A POA is a simple document that grants specific powers to someone you trust—called an "agent" or "attorney-in-fact"—to handle certain matters for you. The person who creates the POA is called the "principal."

What Types of Powers of Attorney Are Available in Indiana?

You can make several different types of POAs in Indiana. In particular, many estate plans include two POAs:

• a financial POA, which allows someone to handle your financial or business matters, and
• a medical POA, which allows someone to make medical decisions on your behalf. (In Indiana, this document is called a "power of attorney for health care and appointment of health care representative.")

In most estate plans, these POAs are what are known as "durable" POAs, which means that they retain their effectiveness even after you're incapacitated. It's a good idea for most people to create these two documents, as they help plan for the unexpected.

To learn about other types of POAs, including non-durable (limited) and springing POAs, see What Is a Power of Attorney? Below, learn how to create a durable financial POA that is valid in Indiana.

What Are the Legal Requirements of a Financial POA in Indiana?

For your POA to be valid in Indiana, it must meet certain requirements.

Mental Capacity for Creating a POA

The person making a power of attorney must be of sound mind. The exact contours of this mental capacity requirement are open to interpretation by Indiana courts. If you're helping someone make a POA and you're not sure if they meet the mental capacity requirement, you should consult a lawyer.

Notarization or Witnessing Requirement

Indiana law requires that you either sign your POA in the presence of a notary public or in the presence of two witnesses. Even though you have a choice in Indiana, it's usually best to choose notarization, since many financial institutions are used to seeing notarized POAs and might resist one that has been witnessed only. If you want your agent to be able to conduct real estate transactions, your county land records will probably require notarization as well. (Ind. Code § 30-5-4-1 (2024).)

If you do go the witnessing route, the witnesses can't be:

1. someone you named as an agent or successor agent in the POA
2. someone who is granted some other power or benefit in the POA, or
3. a spouse or descendant of (1) or (2).

(Ind. Code § 30-5-4-1.3 (2024).)

Steps for Making a Financial Power of Attorney in Indiana

1. Create the POA Using a Form, Software, or an Attorney

Some private companies offer forms or templates with blanks that you can fill out to create your POA. For a more user-friendly experience, you can try WillMaker, which guides you through a series of questions to arrive at a POA that meets your specific aims and is valid in your state. You can also hire an Indiana lawyer to create a POA for you, though the cost will be higher. Many lawyers will include durable POAs as part of a more comprehensive estate plan alongside a will or living trust.

Whatever method you choose, the process of making the POA will likely include either granting your agent comprehensive powers or selecting, from a list, the specific powers you want your agent to have. For example, you might choose to grant your agent the power:

• to engage in real estate transactions
• to engage in banking and financial transactions
• to engage in retirement plan transactions
• to engage in stock, bond, and other securities transactions
• to operate a business or entity
• to receive government benefits
• to pursue tax matters, or
• to provide for personal and family maintenance.

In Indiana, your POA is durable (effective even after incapacitation) unless it explicitly states that it terminates when you become incapacitated. (Ind. Code § 30-5-10-3 (2024).)

2. Sign the POA in the Presence of a Notary Public

As mentioned above, you can't simply sign the document and call it a day. In Indiana, you must also have your POA notarized or witnessed (preferably notarized).

3. Store the Original POA in a Safe Place

Once you have completed the POA, store the original in a safe place that your loved ones can easily access, and let them know where to find it. (It won't do much good locked away in a safe that no one can get into.) If you become incapacitated, your agent might need the original POA to act on your behalf.

4. Give a Copy to Your Agent or Attorney-in-Fact

You should also give a copy of the power of attorney to your agent so that your agent is familiar with the contents of the document.

5. File a Copy With the Recorder's Office

If you gave your agent the power to conduct transactions with real estate, you should also file a copy of your POA in the land records office (called the recorder's office in Indiana) in the county or counties where you own real estate. This will allow the recorder's office to recognize your agent's authority if your agent ever needs to sell, mortgage, or transfer real estate for you. If you revoke a POA that you filed with the recorder's office, you must file a copy of the written revocation. (Ind. Code §§ 30-5-3-3, 30-5-10-1 (2024).)

6. Consider Giving a Copy to Financial Institutions

You can also give copies of your durable financial POA to banks or other institutions that your agent might need to deal with in the future. This step might eliminate some hassles for your agent if your agent ever needs to use the POA. Banks can sometimes be finicky about accepting POAs; see Can Banks Refuse a Power of Attorney? for more details.

Who Can Be Named an Agent or Attorney-in-Fact in Indiana?

Legally speaking, you can name any competent adult to serve as your agent. But you'll want to take into account certain practical considerations, such as the person's trustworthiness and geographical location. For more on choosing agents, see What Is a Power of Attorney?

Indiana allows you to appoint co-agents who are authorized to act at the same time, but it's usually advisable to stick to just one agent to minimize potential conflicts. However, naming a "successor" agent—an alternate who will become your agent if your first choice is unavailable for any reason—is always a good idea, as it creates a backup plan. (Ind. Code §§ 30-5-4-3, 30-5-4-4 (2024).)

When Does My Durable Financial POA Take Effect?

Your POA is effective immediately unless it explicitly states that it takes effect at a future date. It's possible to create a condition that must be satisfied before the POA becomes effective—such as a doctor declaring that you are incapacitated—but there are many reasons why this type of "springing" power of attorney is not usually advised. (Ind. Code § 30-5-4-2 (2024).)

When Does My Financial Power of Attorney End?

Any power of attorney automatically ends at the principal's death. Your durable POA also ends if:

• You revoke it. As long as you are mentally competent, you can revoke your document at any time.
• There's a termination date. If the POA lists a termination date, it will end on that date.
• You become incapacitated, and your POA isn't durable. But remember that all POAs are considered durable unless the POA specifically states that it isn't.
• No agent is available. To reduce the likelihood of this happening, you can name a successor (alternate) agent in your document.
• A court invalidates your document. It's rare, but a court may declare your document invalid if it concludes that you were not mentally competent when you signed it, or that you were the victim of fraud or undue influence.

(Ind. Code §§ 30-5-10-1, 30-5-10-2, 30-5-10-3, 30-5-10-4 (2024).)

Additionally, in Indiana, if your spouse is named as your agent in your POA, that designation automatically ends if you are divorced. To be clear, your ex-spouse's authority to act as your agent ends, but your POA is still intact. So if you named a successor agent, that person would become your agent. (Ind. Code § 30-5-4-4 (2024).)

For more on Indiana estate planning issues, see our section on Indiana Estate Planning.